[
 {
  "id": 1,
  "q": "In 2023, which source made up about 3/4 of new renewable power capacity worldwide?",
  "answers": [
   "Solar",
   "Wind",
   "Hydro"
  ],
  "correct": 0,
  "fact": "Solar was about 73% of all renewable capacity added worldwide in 2023.",
  "source": "IRENA, Renewable Capacity Statistics 2024 (press release, 27 Mar 2024)",
  "url": "https://www.irena.org/News/pressreleases/2024/Mar/Record-Growth-in-Renewables-but-Progress-Needs-to-be-Equitable"
 },
 {
  "id": 2,
  "q": "At the end of 2023, which renewable had the most installed capacity worldwide?",
  "answers": [
   "Solar",
   "Hydropower",
   "Bioenergy"
  ],
  "correct": 0,
  "fact": "Solar reached 1,419 GW, ahead of hydropower (1,268 GW) and wind (1,017 GW).",
  "source": "IRENA, Renewable Capacity Highlights 2024",
  "url": "https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2024/Mar/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Highlights_2024.pdf"
 },
 {
  "id": 3,
  "q": "Most solar cells made today are based on…",
  "answers": [
   "Silicon wafers",
   "Copper foil",
   "Carbon fibre"
  ],
  "correct": 0,
  "fact": "Silicon wafer technology was about 98% of total PV production in 2025.",
  "source": "Fraunhofer ISE, Photovoltaics Report",
  "url": "https://www.ise.fraunhofer.de/en/publications/studies/photovoltaics-report.html"
 },
 {
  "id": 4,
  "q": "How long does a PV system in Europe take to pay back the energy used to make it?",
  "answers": [
   "About 1 year",
   "About 10 years",
   "About 25 years"
  ],
  "correct": 0,
  "fact": "Energy payback is roughly 1 year in Europe (about 0.9–1.1 years depending on location).",
  "source": "Fraunhofer ISE, Photovoltaics Report",
  "url": "https://www.ise.fraunhofer.de/en/publications/studies/photovoltaics-report.html"
 },
 {
  "id": 5,
  "q": "Who first observed the photovoltaic effect, in 1839?",
  "answers": [
   "Edmond Becquerel",
   "Thomas Edison",
   "Nikola Tesla"
  ],
  "correct": 0,
  "fact": "French physicist Edmond Becquerel observed the photovoltaic effect in 1839.",
  "source": "U.S. DOE, The History of Solar",
  "url": "https://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/pdfs/solar_timeline.pdf"
 },
 {
  "id": 6,
  "q": "The first practical silicon solar cell was shown in…",
  "answers": [
   "1954",
   "1904",
   "1994"
  ],
  "correct": 0,
  "fact": "Bell Labs demonstrated the first practical silicon solar cell in 1954.",
  "source": "U.S. DOE, The History of Solar",
  "url": "https://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/pdfs/solar_timeline.pdf"
 },
 {
  "id": 7,
  "q": "Vanguard 1 (1958) was the first satellite powered by…",
  "answers": [
   "Solar cells",
   "A nuclear battery",
   "Fuel cells"
  ],
  "correct": 0,
  "fact": "Vanguard 1 was the first satellite to use solar power, and it is still in orbit.",
  "source": "NASA, Vanguard 1",
  "url": "https://www.nasa.gov/image-article/vanguard-satellite-1958/"
 },
 {
  "id": 8,
  "q": "Sunlight hitting Earth in about 1.5 hours could cover the world's energy use for…",
  "answers": [
   "A whole year",
   "One day",
   "One hour"
  ],
  "correct": 0,
  "fact": "About an hour and a half of sunlight on Earth's surface equals the world's energy use for a year.",
  "source": "U.S. DOE Solar Energy Technologies Office, How Does Solar Work?",
  "url": "https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/how-does-solar-work"
 },
 {
  "id": 9,
  "q": "How long does sunlight take to reach Earth?",
  "answers": [
   "About 8 minutes",
   "About 8 seconds",
   "About 8 hours"
  ],
  "correct": 0,
  "fact": "Light from the Sun takes about 8 minutes to reach Earth.",
  "source": "NASA Space Place",
  "url": "https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/sun-compare/en/"
 },
 {
  "id": 10,
  "q": "What powers the Sun?",
  "answers": [
   "Nuclear fusion",
   "Burning gas",
   "Lightning"
  ],
  "correct": 0,
  "fact": "The Sun shines through nuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium in its core.",
  "source": "NASA, Sun Facts",
  "url": "https://science.nasa.gov/sun/facts/"
 },
 {
  "id": 11,
  "q": "Solar modules produce which kind of current?",
  "answers": [
   "Direct current (DC)",
   "Alternating current (AC)"
  ],
  "correct": 0,
  "fact": "PV modules make DC; an inverter turns it into AC for the grid.",
  "source": "U.S. DOE SETO, Solar Integration: Inverters and Grid Services Basics",
  "url": "https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/solar-integration-inverters-and-grid-services-basics"
 },
 {
  "id": 12,
  "q": "Which device converts module DC into grid-ready AC?",
  "answers": [
   "Inverter",
   "Transformer only",
   "Junction box"
  ],
  "correct": 0,
  "fact": "The inverter converts direct current from the modules into alternating current.",
  "source": "U.S. DOE SETO, Solar Integration: Inverters and Grid Services Basics",
  "url": "https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/solar-integration-inverters-and-grid-services-basics"
 },
 {
  "id": 13,
  "q": "Standard Test Conditions rate modules at what light level?",
  "answers": [
   "1,000 W/m²",
   "100 W/m²",
   "10,000 W/m²"
  ],
  "correct": 0,
  "fact": "Module ratings use STC: 1,000 W/m² irradiance, 25 °C cell temperature, AM1.5 spectrum.",
  "source": "U.S. DOE, Understanding Solar PV System Performance (STC definition, IEC 60904)",
  "url": "https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2022-01/understanding-solar-photovoltaic-system-performance.pdf"
 },
 {
  "id": 14,
  "q": "When a solar cell gets hotter, its output usually…",
  "answers": [
   "Goes down",
   "Goes up",
   "Stays exactly the same"
  ],
  "correct": 0,
  "fact": "Higher cell temperature lowers PV voltage and output, so cool modules perform better.",
  "source": "U.S. DOE, Solar PV Performance and Efficiency Basics",
  "url": "https://www.energy.gov/cmei/systems/solar-photovoltaic-performance-and-efficiency-basics"
 },
 {
  "id": 15,
  "q": "By weight, what is the biggest part of a typical silicon module?",
  "answers": [
   "Glass",
   "Silicon",
   "Copper"
  ],
  "correct": 0,
  "fact": "Glass is roughly three-quarters of a crystalline silicon module's mass.",
  "source": "IRENA & IEA-PVPS, End-of-Life Management: Solar Photovoltaic Panels (2016)",
  "url": "https://www.irena.org/publications/2016/Jun/End-of-life-management-Solar-Photovoltaic-Panels"
 },
 {
  "id": 16,
  "q": "In the EU, end-of-life solar panels fall under which rules?",
  "answers": [
   "WEEE e-waste directive",
   "No rules at all"
  ],
  "correct": 0,
  "fact": "Since the 2012 recast (Directive 2012/19/EU), PV panels are covered by the EU WEEE Directive.",
  "source": "European Commission, Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE)",
  "url": "https://environment.ec.europa.eu/topics/waste-and-recycling/waste-electrical-and-electronic-equipment-weee_en"
 },
 {
  "id": 17,
  "q": "A bifacial module can collect light…",
  "answers": [
   "On both sides",
   "Only at night",
   "Only from the edges"
  ],
  "correct": 0,
  "fact": "Bifacial modules also capture light reflected onto their rear side.",
  "source": "NREL (now NLR), Single-Axis Tracking with Bifacial PV (2019)",
  "url": "https://docs.nlr.gov/docs/fy19osti/72039.pdf"
 },
 {
  "id": 18,
  "q": "About how long is a solar panel's typical lifetime?",
  "answers": [
   "About 30 years",
   "About 3 years",
   "About 300 years"
  ],
  "correct": 0,
  "fact": "The average panel lifetime is about 30–35 years.",
  "source": "U.S. DOE SETO, End-of-Life Management for Solar Photovoltaics",
  "url": "https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/end-life-management-solar-photovoltaics"
 },
 {
  "id": 19,
  "q": "Which unit measures energy, not power?",
  "answers": [
   "Kilowatt-hour (kWh)",
   "Kilowatt (kW)"
  ],
  "correct": 0,
  "fact": "kW is a rate (power); kWh is an amount of energy, e.g. 1 kW for 1 hour.",
  "source": "U.S. EIA, Energy Explained: Electricity units",
  "url": "https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/electricity/measuring-electricity.php"
 }
]